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PROCEEDINGS

AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY

HELD AT PHILADELPHIA

FOB

PROMOTING USEFUL KNOWLEDGE.

Vol. XXXIV, JANUARY TO DECEMBER, 1895.

PHILADELPHIA : PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY

BY MAC CALLA & COMPANY INC.

^1895.

JUL

Jan. 4, 1895.]

PEOCE EDINGS

AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY

HELD AT PHILADELPHIA FOR PROIOTIE USEFUL KNOWLEDGE.

Vol. XXXIV. Januaky. 1895. No. 147.

Stated Meeting^ January 4-, 1896. President, Mr. Fraley, in the Chair.

Correspondence was submitted as follows :

Letters of resignation were received from Dr. George Straw- bridge, Philadelphia ; Prof. Isaac Sharpless, Haverford, Pa.

Accessions to the Library were reported from the Royal Asiatic Society (China Branch), Shanghai, China ; Anthropo- logical Society, Tokyo, Japan ; Societe de Geographic, Societe Finno Ougrienne, Ilelsingfors, Finland; Societe Physico- Mathematique, Kasan, Rassia ; Societe de des JSTaturalistes de la Nouvelle Rus.-jie, Odessa ; Academie Imperiale des Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia ; A.cadeniie R. Suedoise des Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden ; Academie R. des Sciences, Bruxelles, Belgique; Deutsche Seevvarte, Hamburg, Germany; Bayer- ische Botanische Gesellschaft, Munich ; Editors of II Nuovo Cimtnto, Pisa, Italy ; R. Accademia dei Lincei, Rome, Italy ; Societe des Sciences, Physiques, etc., Bordeaux, France ; Academie des Sciences, Arts, etc., Dijon, France ; Academie des Sciences, La Rochelle, France; Societe d 'Agriculture, Sciences, etc., Lyons, France ; Societd Languedocienne de Geographic, Montpellier, France ; Societe Francoise de Physique, Societe de D'Enseignement, Societe de Geographic, Redaction de Cosmos, Marquis de Nadaillac, Paris, France ; Society des Antiquaries de la Morenie, Saint Omer, France; Royal Society, Royal Astronomical Society, Editors of Nature,

PROC. AMER. PHILOS. 60C. XXXIV. 147. A. PRINTED MARCH 8, 1895.

•^ [Jan. 4,

Meteorological Office, London, Eng. ; Geological Society, Man- chester, Eng. ; Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. ; Editor of the Popular IScience Monthly^ lion. Charles P. Daly, New York, N. Y. ; Department of State, Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C. ; University of California, Sacramento.

The following death was announced :

Prof. James A. Rhoads, January 2, 1895, aet. 73.

On motion, the President was authorized to appoint a suit- able person to prepare the usual obituary notice. Dr. Henry Hartshorne was subsequently appointed.

Reports of the Clerks and Judges of the election were read, and the report of the election was submitted :

President. Frederick Fraley.

Vice- Presidents. E. Otis Kendall, W. S. W. Ruschenberger, J. P. Lesley."

Secretaries. t

George F. Barker, Daniel G. Brintm, Henry Phillips, Jr., George H. Horn.

Curators. Patterson DuBois, J, Cheston Morris, Richard Meade Bache.

Treasurer. J. Sergeant Price.

Councillors.

Richard Wood, William V. McKean, Richard Vaux, Henry Carey Baird.

Mr. J. G. Rosengarten read a paper entitled " The Paris Book Exhibition of 1994."

1895.] "

Prof. Cope spoke of the existence of man in Java in palajo- lithic times, drawn from the remains of skeletons found in volcanic strata.

Mr. Henry Phillips, Jr., was renominated for Librarian, and the nominations closed.

The amendments to the Laws were discussed.

Mr. Tatham moved the rejection of the part on reelection. Lost.

Mr. Fralej explained the rules relating to the passage of amendments to the By-Laws.

Moved and seconded that further consideration of the By- Laws be postponed.

The report of the Finance Committee was presented, and the appropriations for the year were passed, a legal quorum of members being present.

And the Society was adjourned by the President.

Stated Meeting^ January 18^ 1895. President, Mr. Fraley, in the Chair.

Correspondence was submitted as follows :

Letter of resignation from Kev. G. "W. Anderson, Rosemont, Pa.

Letter from Mr. Hoyt, to the President, in regard to a pro- jected National University, was referred to the Secretaries with instructions to report.

Letters of envoy were received from the Geological Survey of India, Calcutta ; Socidte de Geographic de Finlande, Hels- ingfors ; Academic R. Suedoise des Sciences, Stockholm ; K. Akademie der Wissenschaften, Vienna, Austria ; R. Ministero della Istruzione Pubblica, Padova, Italia ; Soci^td des Sciences Physiques et Naturelles, Bordeaux, France ; Faculte des Sci- ences, Marseille, France ; Musee Guimet, Ecole Polytechnique,

* [Jan. 18,

Bureau des Longitudes, Marquis de Nadaillac, Paris, France ; Radcljffe Observatory, Oxford, England ; Geological and Polytechnic Society, Yorkshire, England ; Eoyal Irish Acad- emy, Dublin; Dr. Don Estanislao S. Zeballos, Washington, D. C.

Letters of acknowledgment were received from the Soci^te Imp. des Naturalistes, Moscow, Russia (139); Prof. J. Pomia- lowsky, St. Petersburg, Russia (144, 145); Academic Hon- groise des Sciences, Budapest (142, 144, 145) ; Socidte R. de Geographic, Antwerp, Belgium (144); Musde R. d'Histoire Naturelle, Bibliotheque Royale de Belgique, Bruxelles (142, 144); K. K. Universitats Sternwarte, Prague, Austria (142, 141, 145); Section fiir Naturkunde des O. T. C. (142, 144), Dr. Friedrich S. Krauss (145), Prof. J. Szombathy, Vienna, Austria (142, 141, 145); Naturforschende Gesellschaft des Osterlandes, Altenburg, Prussia (145) ; Gesellschaft fiir Erd- kunde, Berlin, Prussia (145) ; K. Universitats-Bibliothek, Bonn, Prussia (142, 144, 145); K. Sachs. Meteorologische Institut, Chemnitz, Saxony (145); Verein fiir Erdkunde, Dresden, Saxony (142, 144) ; Oberhessische Gesellschaft fiir Natur- und Heilkunde, Giessen, Germany (142, 144, 145) ; K. Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften, Gottingen, Prussia (142, 144, 145) ; K. Leopoldinische Carolinische Akademie, Halle a. S., Prussia (145); Wetterauische Gesellschaft, Hanau, Ger- many (144); Vogtljindische Altertumsforschende Verein, Hohenleuben, Saxony (142, 144, 145); Mr. O. Bohtlingk (145), Prof. I. Victor Carus, Leipzig, Saxony (144, 145) ; K. Sternwarte, Munich, Bavaria (145); Prof. G. Sergi, Rome, Italy (144); R. Accademia delle Scienze, Turin, Italy (142); Socidtd Linneenne, Bordeaux, France (145); Societe des Sci- ences Naturelles et Archeologique de la Creuse, GutSret, France (144); Societd d' Agriculture et d'Histoire Naturelle, Lyon, France (180, 140); Musde Guimet, Dr. Edward Pepper, Paris, France (145); Sir John Evans, Hemel Hempstead, England (145) ; Mr. Juhlin Dannfeld, Col. William Ludlow, London, England (145); Geographical Society, Manchester, England (145); Natural History Society of Northumberland,

1895.] ^

etc., Newcastle-OQ-Tyne, England (1^5); Royal Geological Society of Cornwall, Penzance, England (1-45) ; Society of Natural History, Boston, Mass. {Trans. ^ xvii, 3, and xviii, 1) ; American Academy of Medicine, Easton, Pa. (144, 145) ; Newberry Library, Chicago, 111. (144, 145).

Accessions to the Library were reported from the Geologi- carSurvey of India, Calcutta ; Societe Imp. Russe de Geogra- phic, St. Petersburg ; Nederlandsche Maatschappij ter bevor- dering van Nijverheid, Amsterdam ; Societe HoUandaise des Sciences, Harlem ; Maatschappij der Nederlandsche Letter- kunde, Leiden, Z. Holland ; Academic des Sciences, Cracow, Austria ; Naturhistorische Landes-Museum von Karnten, Kla- genfurt, Austria ; Gesellschaft fiir Erdkunde, Berlin, Prussia ; Naturwissenschaftliche Gesellschaft, Chemnitz, Saxony ; Oberlausitzisclie Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften, Gcirlitz, Prussia ; Verein fiir Erdkunde, Halle a, S., Prussia ; Verein fiir Liibeckische Geschicbte und Alterthumskunde, Liibeck, Germany ; Deutsche Gesellschaft fiir Anthropologic, Ethnolo- gic, etc., Munich, Bavaria; Geographische Gesellschaft, Bern, Switzerland; Biblioteca N. C, Firenze, Italia; Societe de Geographic, Lille, France ; Directeur de Melusine, Bureau des Longitudes, Paris, France; R. Academia de la Historia, Madrid, Spain ; Society of Arts, R, Geographical Society, Editors of the Geological Magazine, London, England ; Natural History So- ciety, Newcastle-on-Tyne, England ; Royal Irish Academy, Dublin ; American Statistical Association, Commissioner of Public Records, Athenaeum, Mass. Institute of Technology, Mass. Historical Society, Mr. Robert C. Winthrop, Jr., Boston, Mass.; Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard College, Cambridge, Mass.; R. I. Historical Society, Providence; Trav- elers' Insurance Co., Hartford, Conn. ; Editors of the American Journal of Science, Yale University, New Haven, Conn. ; Brooklyn Library, Brooklyn, N. Y. ; Hamilton College, Clin- ton, N. Y. ; Meteorological Observatory, New York, N, Y. ; Mr. William John Potts, Camden, N. J.; College of New Jersey, Princeton ; American Chemical Society, Easton, Pa. ; Franklin Institute, College of Pharmacy, Dr. Walter M.

6 [Feb. 1,

James, Messrs. Willis G. Aale, Henry Phillips, Jr., Philadel- phia ; Johns Hopkins University, Editor of the American Chemical Journal^ Baltimore, Md. ; Agricultural Experiment Stations, Burlington, Yt., Kingston, R. I., Geneva, N. Y., Ithaca, N. Y., State College, Pa.

A framed phototype of the State House was received from Mr. F. Gutekunst, Philadelphia.

Henry Phillips, Jr., was unanimously reelected Librarian of the Society for the ensuing year.

A quorum not being present, no action was taken on the proposed amendments to the By-Laws.

The appointment of the Standing Committees was referred to the President to take action and report on before the next meeting.

Prof. Cope read observations on "Prof. Hseckel's Confession of Faith."

Questions were asked, and comments made by Mr. Ingham and Dr. Morris.

Nominations 1302 to 1305 were read.

And the Society was adjourned by the President.

Stated Meeting^ February 1, 1896. Treasurer, Mr. Pkice, in the Chair.

Minutes of last meeting were read and approved.

Correspondence was submitted as follows :

Letters of envoy were received from the Maatschappij der Nederlandsche Letterkunde, Leiden, Z. Holland ; Naturwis- senschaftliche Gesellschaft, Chemnitz, Saxony ; Oficina Meteo- rologica Argentina, Cordoba, Argentine Republic.

Letters of acknowledgment were received from the Linnean Society of N. South Wales, Sydney (142, 144); Prof. O. Donner, Helsingfors, Finland (144, 145) ; Dr. Herman Snellen, Jr., Utrecht, Netherlands ( 1-4:4); Academic des Sciences, Cra-

1895.] *

COW, Austria (142, 144, 145); Naturforscbende Gesellscliaft, Emden, Prussia (142, 144, 145) ; K, Geodiitisches Institut, Potsdam, Prussia (144, 145) ; M. A. Des Gloizeaux, Paris, Fiance (145); Prof. J. P. Postgate, Cambridge, England, Royal Observatory, Edinburgh, Scotland (145); University of Nebraska, Lincoln (96-139).

Accessions to the Library were reported from Comite des Conservation des Monuments de I'Art Arabe, Cairo, Egypt; Ministerie van Kolonien, Batavia, Java ; Hollandsche Maat- schappij van Wetenschappen, Haarlem ; Minister of Interna- tional Affairs, The Hague, Netherlands ; Socidte Hongroise de Geographic, Budapest ; K. K. Geologische Reichsanstalt, Vienna, Austria; AachenerGeschichtsverein, Aachen, Prussia; Deutsche Geologische Gesellschaft, K. Geodatische Institut, Physiologische Gesellschaft, Messrs. R. Friedliinder & Sohn, Berlin, Prussia; Gartenbauverein, Darmstadt, Germany; Prof. Dr. Ernest Haeckel, Jena, Germany ; Ministero di Agricoltura Industria e Commercio, Rome, Italy ; Philological Society, Cambridge, England ; R. Microscopical Society, London, Eng- land ; Literary and Philosophical Society, Manchester, Eng- land ; American Geographical Society, American Mathemat- ical Society, Scientific Alliance, New York, N. Y. ; Hydro- graphic Office, Engineers' Club, Editor of the Naturalist's Leisure Hour^ Mr. William H. Rau, Philadelphia ; U. S. Departments of the Interior, Labor, War, and Agriculture, Anthropological Society, U. S. Civil Service Commission, Prof. James C. Pilling, Washington, D. C. ; Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society, Chapel Hill, N. C. ; Editors of the Journal of Comparative Neurology^ Granville, O.; State Board of Health, Nashville, Tenn. ; Missouri Historical Society, St. Louis; Historical Society, Field Columbian Museum, Chicago, 111.; State Historical Society, Iowa City, Iowa; Geological and Natural History Survey, Minneapolis, Minn.; University of Nebraska, Historical Society, Lincoln, Neb. ; Editor of El Instructor^ Dr. Jesus Diaz de Leon, Aquascalientes, Mex. ; Asociacion de Ingenieros y Arquetectos, Mexico, Mex. ; Ofi- ciaa Meteorologica Argentina, Dr. Don Estanif-lao S. Zeballos,

O [Feb. 15,

Buenos Aires, Argentine Republic; Observatorio do Rio Jan- eiro, Brazil; Agricultural Experiment Stations: Blacksburg, Va., Raleigh, N. C, Uniontown, Ala., Baton Rouge, La., Knoxville^ Tenn., Fayetteville, Ark,, Columbia, Mo., State College, Mich., Lafayette, Ind., Berkeley, Cal., St. Anthony Park, Minn., Las Cruces, N. Mex.

A paper was read by Mr. Julius F. Sachse, on the " Horo- logium Achaz."

Remarks were made by Dr. Horn and Dr. Brinton.

A paper was read by Mr. Lorin Biodget on " The Scope and Importance of Electricity as a Motor."

Pending nominations 1302 to 1305 were read. ■ The Committee on Indexing was discharged.

Dr. Frazer made a communication an the necessity of the unification of methods employed by experts for the purpose of detecting forgery, and ascertaining the character of hand- writing.

Dr. Frazer moved that a committee, composed of Dr. Fra- zer and Mr. S. P. Sharpies, be appointed to report on the gen- eral subject of methods useful in the investigation of docu- ments; and that said Committee have power to associate with their number, other specialists who are not members of the Society.

And the Society was adjourned by the presiding member.

Staled Meeting^ Fthruary 15, 1895.

President, Mr. Fraley, in the Chair.

Present, 31 members.

Correspondence was submitted as follows :

Letters of envoy were received from the Royal Statistical Society, London, England; Chief Engineer and Superintendent of Fairmount Park, Philadelphia; Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C.

Letters of acknowledgment from the Comit^ Geologique, St. Petersburg, Russia (14-1, 1-15); K. D. Videnskabernes

1895.]

9

Selskab, Copenhagen, Denmark (144); Physikalische Gesell- schaft, Berlin, Prussia (144, 145); Marquis Antonio di Gre- gorio, Palermo, Italy (144) ; Bibliotheque Universitaire, Lyon, Prance (145).

Accessions to the Library were reported from the Academic R. des Sciences, etc., de Denmark, Copenhagen; R. Statistika Central Byran, Stockholm, Sweden; Section fllr Naturkunde des O. T. C, Vienna, Austria; Naturforschende Gesellschaft, Zurich, Switzerland ; Societa Toscana di Scienze Natural!, Pisa ; Geological Society, R. Geographical Society, Editor of the Geo- logical Magazine^ Royal Statistical Society, London, England ; Amer. Institute of Electrical Engineers, Astor Library, New York, N. Y. ; Board of Public Charities and Committee on Lunacy, Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania Forestry Association, Mr. Samuel Wagner, Philadelphia ; Fish Commission, U. S. Bureau of Education, Smithsonian Institu- tion, Bureau of the Mint, Washington, D. C.

The stated business of the meeting being the election of members, Secretaries Barker and Horn were appointed by the President as Tellers.

The President announced that he had reappointed the Stand- ing Committees of 1894 to act in the current year.

Mr. Price, from the Committee on the Henry M. Phillips Prize Essay Fund, reported that a circular had been sent out on May 1, 1893, setting forth the object of the foundation of the Prize, and requesting that the essays to be written be placed in the hands of the Society by January 1, 1895. That before that date eight essays had been received by the Society, all in conformity with the regulations adopted by the Com- mittee. The Committee presents the names of the following ten gentlemen as a "Committee of Judges," from whom five names shall be selected by the Society :

James C. Carter, D. C. Langdell,

Edward J. Phelps, Francis Wayland,

J. Randolph Tucker, William A. Keever,

Courtland Parker, Henry Billings Brown,

C. Stuart Patterson, W. Pinckney Whyte.

PROC. AMER. PHILOS. SOC. XXXIV. 147. B. PRINTED MARCH 8, 1895.

10

[Feb. 15,

The matter having been considered by the Society, on motion, the following-named five gentlemen were unanimously selected as a " Committee of Judges," and the acting Secretary of the Prize Essay Committee was directed to inform them of their appointment by letter to be signed by Mr. Fraley, Presi- dent of the Society :

James C. Carter, of New York, Edward J. Phelps, of Vermont, J. Randolph Tucker, of Virginia, Courtland Parker, of New Jersey, C. Stuart Patterson, of Pennsylvania.

A recess was taken, in order to give members an opportu- nity to cast their ballots.

After recess, the proposed amendments to the By-Laws were taken up.

Dr. J. Chej-ton Morris raised the point of order that proper publication of the proposed consideration of the By-Laws had not been made.

It having been shown that the Secretary acting at the time had officially reported such publication had been made, the point of order was overruled.

Mr. Prime moved that the Society proceed to the considera- tion of the amendments to the By-Laws at this time.

The motion was recorded, and a division having been called, it was lost,

Mr. Prime then moved to indefinitely postpone the consid- eration of the amendments. Carried.

Dr. Greene, inquired whether, by purchase or exciiange, he could obtain some odd numbers of the Quarterly Journal of the Chemical Society^ now in the library of the Society.

On motion, the application was referred to the Committee on Library, with power to act.

Dr. Minis Hays moved to reconsider the motion by which the Society had refused to consider, at this time, the proposed amendments to the By-Laws. Carried.

Mr. Prime moved that the Committee on the proposed

1S95.] 1 1

amendments be discharged, and that the consideration of the amendments be indefinitely postponed. Seconded and car- ried.

The Tellers having announced that their report on the bal- loting for candidates was ready, the President instructed them to present it. The report declared the following persons duly elected members :

2231. Prof. Alpheus Hyatt, Cambridge, Mass. 2282. Prof. W. W. Goodwin, Cambridge, Mass. 2233. R. F. Glaizebrook, F.R.S., Cambridge, England. 223i. C. A. M. Fennell, Litt.D., Cambridge, England.

2235. Prince Roland Bonaparte, Paris, France.

2236. A. Wallis Budge, Litt.D., London, England.

2237. Hon. James Bryce, M.P., London, England.

2238. Sir George Grove, D.C.L., London, England.

2239. William Huggins, D.C.L., London, England.

2240. James Glaisher, F.R.S., Edinburgh, Scotland. 224L Rev. James Legge, LL.D., Oxford, England.

2242. Gabriel de Mortillet, St. Germain-en Laye, France.

2243. Rev. Isaac Taylor, LL.D., York, England.

2244. Prof. William Wundt, Leipzic, Germany.

2245. Dr. Ernst Curtius, Berlin, Prussia.

2246. Charles C. Harrison, Philadelphia.

2247. Richard A. Cleemann, M.D., Philadelphia.

2248. Richard Stockton Hunter, Philadelphia.

2249. Charlemagne Tower, Philadelphia.

2250. Joseph Wilcox, Philadelphia. 225 L Henry C. Mercer, Do3'lestown, Pa.

2252. Le Marquis Achille de Rochambeau, Rochambeau, France.

Reading of the rough minutes was dispensed with, and the Society was adjourned by the President.

Rosengarten.] -L^ [Jan. 4,

Tke Paris Book Exidbition of IS94.

By J. G. Rosengarten.

{Read before the American Philosophical Society, January 4, 1S93.)

The November-December number of the Paris Bulletin du Bibliophile contains exhaustive notices of the "Exposition du Livre," opened at the Palais de I'lndastrie, in Paris, during the summer of 1894. To those wlio had the good fortune to see this wealth of illustrations of the whole liistory of books in France, these notices are most useful, for there was no catalogue to guide the visitor through the vast space filled with the treasures of the collectors of Paris. To those who knew of the exhibition only from brief newspaper notices, ii may be of interest to learn some- thing of its extent and importance.

It had special significance in its fine examples of typography, illustra- tion and bookbinding, but besides these, it had original drawings and engravings, and an almost endless variety of rarities — a whole history of the making of paper and its uses, a complete series of assignats, and great numbers of old specimens of mercantile paper, bills, drafts, shares of stock, stamped papers from the time of Louis XIV to our own, playing cards of every country — a whole series from China for instance — fans, invitations to dinners, fetes and other entertainments, public and private, notices of service in the National Guard, visiting cards, not the commonplace pasteboard of to-day, but rich in vignettes and other ornamental illustration. There was a wealth of theatrical and other posters, in which the French led the way for an artistic development that has since spread all around the world. Autograph letters and documents, dating back for the last tliree centuries, were displayed in great profusion, under the title of "graphology." A whole series of papers showing the papermakers' marks, for a long series of years, was quite an important contribution.

The newspaper collection was very large, from tlie Gazette de France, founded in 1631, through the whole history of French periodicals. A number of T' Ami du Peuple, much discolored, is said to be the very copy in the hand of Marat, and stained with his blood when he was stabbed in his bath by Cliarlotle Corday. There were all the illustrated journals and newspapers so characteristic of French taste.

There was a large collection of ornamental letters and other typogra- phical ornaments of the printers of the sixteenth and seventeenth centu- ries, their catalogues, the decrees of Parliament ordering the destruction of condemned books and the punishment of the book peddlers who offered them for sale. There were whole series of printed books and very striking examples of bookbinding, engraving, typography, from the very outset to our own day, the bad and indifferent as characteristic as the good and the best. There was a fragment of the Biblia Puuperum,

1895.] J-O [Rosengarten.

xylographic work preceding the discovery of movable types. There were beautiful incunabula, works printed before 1500, and fine examples of printing of the sixteenth century, when all the problems of typography were already solved, black, brilliant, unalterable ink, paper often uneven but strong enough to resist use and wear all these years, type perfectly clear and extremely beautiful, Illustrations of great artists, refined in execution, in exquisite taste ; wood engravings in harmony with the text, yet _all these were done with imperfect mechanical appliances, but much better done than the work of our own day with all the help of machinery carried to the highest perfection.

Then came the Elzevirs with their attractive books, and a whole series of printers of irreproachable correctness, charming simplicity and a noble air worthy of the bo )ks they issued from their presses. Publishers and printers alike were then men of knowledge, masters of the classical languages, writing Latin and reading Greek. Later on, as books increased in numbers, they lost in their typographical value ; a few printers fought for the old standards of excellence, but they were driven from the field, and even when the art of illustration was at its best, the printing and paper were at their worst.

The nineteenth century has seen a still greater divorce between the good and the bad. Many books well printed and illustrated are made of wretched paper. That used in the incunabula has stood four centuries of hard usage without harm. That used in some of the books printed in this century of ours has not lasted for forty years. Typography was an art in tiie (ifleeuth and sixteenth centuries ; to-day it is an art with and for tlie few, an industry with and for the many. It is carried on in vast establishments that have little in common with the old printing office, so admirably preserved in the Plantin Museum of Antwerp, and so well reproduced in Flameng's picture of Grolier's visit to the Aldine printing office in Venice, some cases full of type, some forms ready, a press on the model of the old wine presses, from which the name was derived. Nowadays there would be a great manufacturing establishment with machinery driven by steam or electricity, where printing is done with the best mechanical appliances.

At the Exposition there was a whole series of such machinery in use to-day. It is only to be regretted that tliere was not a retrospective exlii- bition, from the old hand press, the first steam press, that of the Times of 1814, when the announcement was proudly made that that paper was printed by steam — very primitive it was, too — printed on one side at a time. By 1834 there were 160 steam presses in use in France. By 1817 there was in use in Paris a steam press with four cylinders printing both sides at once, for the first time. In 186S, rotary presses were introduced, and in 1873 an endless printing press was first used in Paris. In 1878, there was exhibited a press printing 40,000 copies an hour, and cutting, counting, folding, all done by machinery. Since then printing in colors, photogravure, photolithography, and many other applications of the

RoBengarten.] •*-^ [Jan. 4,

sister arts have been added to the daily use of the printing office, and every day sees the announcement of some new handmaid to the old art preservative of all arts.

The cheapening of books has gone hand in hand with the improvements in typography and its allied ai'ts, but at the same time books dear to the bibliophile are still being produced, and the last decade of the century, now fast drawing to its end, will leave to posterity a rich heritage of works representing splendidly all the forms of expression of art in books. The renaissance of making fine books is comparatively modern ; at one time it was limited to mere reproduction, but now it is marked by pro- gressive originality, sometimes like the impressionists in painting start- ling by their struggles for novelty, but often charming by the good use made of the latest mechanical inventions. The French publishers have succeeded in making each a specialty, and the great books on architec- ture and decoration, the Bibles, the classic French authors, on art and on bibliography, will perpetuate their names among the world's master printers.

The Exposition du Livre was rich in typography, but it was also rich in illustrations of every epoch and every kind. The oldest illustrators were the miniaturists and illuminators of the Middle Ages. It is in the manuscripts anterior to the discovery of Guttenburg that their art can be best appreciated. One of the rooms on the lower floor of the Palais de rindustrie was devoted to manuscripts, and many of them were rare marvels of beauty, all of real interest. Printing by the end of the fif- teenth century supplanted m inuscripts and illumination, an art that has only been revived in our own day. The learned chief of the famous Museum of the Louvre has told the sad story of a miniature painter for manuscripts, who after holding rank at the head of the Guild, saw his talent made useless in competition with the first printers, and he soon lost his occupation and the means of his livelihood. The old art was killed, but it had the honor of compelling its new rivals to imitate the work of their predecessors. In the best incunabula there is a constant effort to make the printed page look like manuscript. The decoration of the printed Litres d'Heures strove to imitate the models which scribes had carried to a rare degree of perfection. They were works of art and luxury, and do honor to the names of Verard and Pigouchet, Kerver and Simon Vostre. Under the influence of Italian renaissance they worked a great change, visible in the books of the sixteenth century, with their large plates illus- trating the text, the borders surrounding, the figures inserted in the pages, Tiie designers and the engravers were artists of the first excellence.

The next age, that of the great masters of French literature, was too busy with the text to care for illustration, beyond an allegorical frontis- piece or portraits, such as that of Malherbe in the edition of 1630, or of Corneille in that of 1644, excellent examples of engraving and valuable historically. In religious books and in funeral orations there were still illustrations. The funeral sermons of the seventeenth century were not

1^

1895.] -*•" [Rosengarten.

only great masterpieces of pulpit eloquence, sucli as Bossuet's immortal sermons, but they were printed with noble and serious splendor. The great period of illustrated books was that of the eighteenth century, audit was at its best from 1750 to 1780. The poorest volumes had exquisite vignettes, and worthless verse or prose was made attractive by the capital illustrations, and a wit of the time said that the beaux esprits were like shipwrecked mariners, "ils se sont sauves paries planches." The school of French illustrators of that time, with its traditions, its discipline, its great artists, each with his own style, yet all full of unity in their collec- tive work, really illustrative of the text, was admirably exhibited. With the troubled times of the French Revolution, art too declined, but it revived with the romanticism of our own century, and showed thoroughly French liveliness. Then, after Meissonier and other really great masters, came a new eclipse, from 1850 to 1870, when Gustave Dore was the only famous name, his powerful inventive genius and his extreme abundance of work marred by careless execution. With 1870 began a new period of works of art and luxury. Many of them have already passed into oblivion or that abyss of second-hand stalls and low prices that properly mark their real value or valuelessness, but there remains a wealth of really good work. Many of the original drawings by the best artists were in the ex- hibition, and not only their designs for books, but for fans, posters and advertisements. The engravers on wood, too, were there, and the original designs from many famous hands were placed alongside the reproductions, to show how much credit belongs to the engraver, and the perfection of the typographic and other processes, both in black and white and in colors. Even in photographic illustrations there was evidence of art in the choice of subjects, in the grouping and composition. A very competent critic, M. Leon Gruel, himself one of the great Paris book- binders, and the owner of a remarkable collection of bindings and of everything that illustrates this fine art, has given a capital account of the value and importance of the retrospective exhibition of bookbinding, to which he was one of the largest contributors. He loaned a copy of an unknown edition of a grand folio "Speculum morale," without date or name of printer, but certainly not later than 1477, for the binding is dated 1478. Gruel describes the binding with all the love of a collector and the critical acumen of a bookbinder. The book was bound by one of his great predecessors as a gift of the Emperor Maximilian, and it is both out- wardly and inwardlya fine example of the artistic in printing, illuminating and binding. The next of M. Gruel's exhibits has in golhic characters the name of the binder, for in the fifteenth century and in the beginning of the sixteenth century, the bookbinders took an honest pride in their work, and perpetuated their names on it, often by religious texts in which they commended themselves to the protection of their patron saints. Each bookbinder had liis own particular saint, and St. Sebastian, St. Maurice, St. Barbe, St. Nicholas, are thus stamped on the bindings, often with an humble petition for protection, signed by the bookbinder, and

Rosengarten.] •'•V * [Jan. 4,

there were books of 1513 and 1526 and 1529 and 1540 so bound and marked, the hxst a Martial bound for Charles V, by a bookbinder of Amsterdam, with the arms of that city and his own name in full, as well as the arms and motto of the great Emperor. In the good old times every publisher was his own printer and bookbinder, for in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries no books were sold unbound. The bookbinders went from city to city in search of employment from the printers and pub- lishers, and only in the monasteries were there monks who were em- ployed as authors, illuminators and binders. Every printer and publisher had his own device and legend, which was reproduced on the binding as well as on the title-page. The Elzevirs, the Plantins, the great printers of Amsterdam and Antwerp and Lyons, as well as those of Paris, thus made the binding an integral and important part of their books, and the books with the cypher of Francis I, and the arms of Paul V, the Gruliers and the Miiiolis, all reveal the owner and the binder.

There was a fine folio Erasmus, printed in Venice in 1508, annotated throughout by Grolier in his own handwriting, with a drawing by him of a medal referred to in the text, and with his familiar legend, "Jo. Grolieriz Lugdunen et amicorum," written on the last page by the owner. There was a Venice Homer of 1539 bearing the name of an amateur binder of great merit, but hitherto unknown. There were bindings for Christian VII of Denmark, and for Louis XIII, as well as those for famous col- lectors of less rank, bearing the names of the binders, and M. Gruel ex- hibited a bound copy of the rules of the bookbinders of Paris, 1750, with the name of the binder, the date of his birth, of his marriage, of his apprentice- ship and of his becoming a master workman, while the great Padeloup con- tented himself with putting his name modestly under the title. Among the curious bindings were those of pretended bixjks, really vessels for liquor. On one Franklin's portrait is preserved in a medallion, another has the title "L'Esprit de Rousseau," and as such false books were said to be for the use of country clergymen, there was a special joke in making Franklin and Rousseau, the enemies of the church, contribute to the com- fort of its servants. Daring the French Revolution the nobles bad their books bound with republican devices concealing their arms. The Restora- tion had a wealth of great bookbinders, and their successors of our own day, no matter how strong their rivalry, were close neighbors in the cases in which some of their finest examples were gathered at this Exposition du Livre. There was a wealth of curious historical material, the charters of the bookbinders' associations or guilds of the fourteenth, fifteenth and six- teenth centuries, their accounts, inventories, tools, etc., and a complete library of books on bookbinding, now quite a collection in numbers.

The Exposition du Livre had its historical side. Great rooms were full of material of the most precious kind ; the whole story of French caricatures was told on its walls ; French art in every form of application to books and printing of every kind vvas splendidly exhibited, and besides there was a capital exhibition of every industry related to printing — inks, paper,

17

1895.] -^ ♦ [Rosengarten.

types, lithographic and photographic and other processes, with the books and illustrations showing their practical uses and application. It was such a collection as only the enthusiasm of Frenchmen could bring together, and yet it lost much of its value and interest for want of a cata- logue, for the Exposition must end, the wonderful collections be returned to their owners, and the opportunity of studying the history of printing and book-making in its best sense will be lost. It is almost impossible to hope that such an exhibition can soon, if ever, be organized here. The French have a wonderful talent for organization, and the great collectors seem to have united in this Exposition, giving the loan of their treasures for a long period, arranging them with admirable skill, and sharpening the zeal and enthusiasm for collecting which is useful only when it serves to make the world wiser, by enabling it to take stock of the work of past years, to trace the rise and growth and changes of an art, and none better deserves such painstaking study and research than printing with its kindred and allied industries, and the Paris Exposition du Livre was certainly honorable to French collectors, to printers and binders and artists, all joining to show how much the world owes to France for the past and for the present of the art of printing, revealed in this exhibition.

There was a letter in the Nation of September 20 last, describing the Paris "Exposition du Livre," critical and in the main uncomplimen- tary. In looking back on my own visit to the Exposition, I recall the very instructive and interesting things I saw there, and those of little value have been forgotten. Still I owe to the Nation the information that Paris has its " Ecole du Livre " — what it is or where it is the writer does not mention, nor where we can find anything about it. The Nation does speak in praise of the foreign exhibits, the publications of the University Press of Cambridge, and says that a handful of illustrated papers and magazines, represented the books of Great Britain, and a great array of names of illustrators, booksellers, journalists and diplomats, headed by the ambassador of the United States in Paris, the members of the American section, but there was nothing from this country or from Italy, Spain or Germanj\ There was a small but comprehensive exhibit from Denmark, showing to advantage the great Scandinavian illustrators, whose names are too seldom heard out of their own country, intelligent interpreters in good wood engraving, and their work published in vol- umes, to whose excellence printer, binder and papermaker have all con- tributed. In Copenhagen, too, there is a "School of the Book," appa- rently on much the same lines as the institution of that name in Paris. The Nation praises, in a half-patronizing way, the retrospective and documentary part of the Exposition, the wealth of the private collections, especially of bookbindings, but in the main condemns the exhibition as a whole. That it deserves more than this is, I think, clear from the ab- stract you have heard of the articles describing it in the Bulletin du Bibliophile, the venerable organ of French book lovers, for it was founded in 1834.

PROC. AMER. PHILOS. SOC. XXXIV. 147. C. PRINTED JIAHCH 19, 1895.

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Rosengarten.] -"-^ [Jan. 4,

M. Gruel poiats, with pride, to the worlv of early bookbinders, who, like himself, have also been bibliographers in the best sense of the word. He calls attention to the handiwork of the Planlins, who, like their con- temporaries, signed their bindings with the same bookmark that desig- nated their printing. Among these were Pliilippe Pigouchet, Denis Roce, Robert Mace, the Gryphes of Lyons, the brothers Augelius, Jean Bogard, Madeleine Bourselle, widow of Frangois Regnault ; Jacques Dupuis, and the Elzevirs. Christopher Plantin was born near Tours in 1514. His first occupation was that of a bookbinder, which he learned in the workshop of Robert or Robinet Mace, at Caen, who was both printer and book- binder. Plantin went to Antwerp, where he became famous as founder of the printing and publishing house that existed in his family from 1549 until 1876, when it was made a public museum, one of the most interest- ing, indeed the only one of its kind in Europe, and well worth a visit. M. Gruel shows that in 1522, Plantin bound the account books of the city of Antwerp ; that he added to his other pursuits that of fine work in leather, boxes, coyers, coffers, richly decorated — an artistic handiwork that Gruel, too, has made part of his own trade.

In the Plantin Museum at Antwerp, there is a single example of Plan- tin's binding with his mark, and the metal stamp is preserved along with the type and the woodcuts used in the volume. M. Gruel reproduces from Plantin's account books the items that show his industry as a bookbinder, giving the prices of the material he used, the mark, a compass with the motto, "Lahore et Constantia," the press, the wages paid his journey- men and the bills rendered to his employers, thus bringing us back to the time when bookbinding was an art in the hands of artisans who made it part of their business of printing and illustrating books.

The catalogue of the Museum Plantin 3Ioretus, by M. 3Iax Rooses, the keeper, is interesting even to those who have not enjoyed a visit to this curious relic of tlie faithful pursuit of one business by the same family for over three hundred years. In 1549 when Plantin established himself at Antwerp, that city was next to Paris in importance. He soon gained reputation for his bindings and his other work in leather. He became a citizen in 1550, and that year a member of the Guild of St. Luke as a printer. In 1555, he printed his first book ; but his work was interrupted on a charge of heresy, and he took refuge for a year in Paris, returning to Antwerp, where he was protected and employed 1)y Philip the II, Cardinal Granvelle, and other notable persons. He printed, under their auspices, a Bible in five languages ; Breviaries and 3Iissals and Liturgies for Spain, for a privilege from Rome for Spain and its colonies was the foundation of his fortune. In 1576, he moved into the building which to-day is the Museum perpetuating his name and work. His son-in-law, Moretus, succeeded in 1589, on his father-in-law's death, to the business, and transmitted it with its traditions on his death, in 1610, to his two sons. One died in 1618, the other in 1641, and was succeeded by his son, who died in 1674. The business passed then to liis son, who died in 1692,

1895.] -'•^ [Rosengarten.

and then to his son who died in 1730, and was succeeded by a brother, who died in 1757 ; his sou continued it until 1768 ; his widow until 1797 ; their four sons successively until 1830, and they in turn were followed by one of the next generation down to 1865, and he, by a younger brother, wno died in 1830, having sold the printing office with all its contents to the city of Antwerp in 1876. The last book bearing the Plantin imprint is dated 1866, but work was continued until 1867, and the last tax paid as printers was in 1871.

The Museum is rich in works of art, principally portraits of different members of the family and the authors and artists employed by them. Rubens and his pupils and contemporaries and successors are well repre- sented. The books of account show exactly what was paid to them for these pictures and for the drawings for the illustration of the books printed by the Planting. The library is rich in illuminated and other rare and precious manuscripts ; in editions of tlie Plantin publications from 1555 down to the last issue from their press in 1886 ; in autograph letters and papers relating to their business during all these years ; in copies of the Antwerp Gazette, from 1620, the oldest newspaper in Europe. The shop still contains on its shelves the books that used to be on sale, with price currents of books of 1593, 1628, 1642, and the Index expurgatorius of 1569 and 1571, to guard against offering books prohibited by Rome or Spain. The printing office, with its antique appliances, and the memo- rials of the most famous readers and correctors of the press, many of them men of great learning, are piously preserved. The font of type used in all these years is well preserved, and so are the old presses. The library is rich in incunabula and rare printed books from Guttenberg down, and by way of contrast a complete set of the Journal des D('bats from 1800 to 1871. Autograph letters, fine wood and steel engravings, maps, plans, portraits, vignettes, engraved arms, book plates, busts, statues, are displayed in great profusion. The dwelling rooms are pre- served in their ancient order, and show just how well-to-do people lived in the sixteenth century. There are over fourteen thousand vol- umes in the Plantin Moretus Library. The main library was built in 1640, and is still as it was then. The archives of the printing house cover all its business from 1555 to 1864, and the foundry where the type were